IUI IUI stands for intrauterine insemination also known as donor insemination, alternative insemination, or artificial insemination. IUI works by placing sperm directly into your uterus during ovulation, which helps the sperm get closer to your egg. This reduces the time and distance of sperm travel, facilitating fertilization of the egg. This treatment aims to improve the chances of conception by increasing the number of healthy sperm entering the fallopian tubes when a woman is most fertile. The insemination procedure only takes about 5-10 minutes, and you don’t need anaesthesia. It’s quick and is usually not painful, but some people have mild cramping. FAQ Who should consider IUI? An IUI technique can help patients with low sperm counts, poor sperm mobility, unexplained fertility, unfriendly cervical conditions, or ejaculation dysfunction. When is the best time for an IUI? An IUI would be carried out for six hours on either side of ovulation. The IUIs are often carried out between 24 and 48 hours after the hCG injection. When two IUIs are planned, they are typically separated by at least 24 hours. What does an IUI feel like? Most women find that IUI is painless. You may experience mild cramping afterward, but often what you feel is related to ovulation, not IUI. When will I know the results from IUI? A home pregnancy test can determine pregnancy within 2 weeks, and a more accurate blood test within 7 to 12 days.

OVULATION INDUCTION Ovulation induction uses fertility medications to stimulate ovulation in women who have irregular or absent ovulation or increase the number of eggs produced during a cycle, by increasing the opportunity for pregnancy. Treatments include either oral medications or injectable medications. The medicine is taken at the beginning of the menstrual cycle, and the body's reaction is monitored during the menstrual cycle by ultrasound. Ovulation induction is done for a range of medical conditions, but it is most beneficial for individuals who don't naturally ovulate regularly, including those with polycystic ovarian syndrome or other irregular menstrual cycles. To enhance the number of eggs produced each month and hence the likelihood of becoming pregnant, ovulation induction can also be used on women who ovulate frequently. FAQ Who could benefit from ovulation induction? Ovulation induction is a common treatment for women who do not ovulate or who ovulate infrequently. Women with disorders that prevent ovulation, such as PCOS, can also benefit from ovulation induction. How long ovulation induction can be done? Pregnancy might take longer than expected for some people. Your age and the length of your infertility are factors in how long the treatment will last. How is ovulation induction achieved? The medications and doses used to trigger ovulation are personalized for you. When you should start taking medications to stimulate the ovaries will be suggested by your doctor, who will also suggest a regimen of monitoring using ultrasound scans and maybe blood testing.

DIAGNOSTIC SERVICES Doctors evaluate men and women differently to diagnose infertility. Infertility treatment begins with diagnosing the cause of fertility problems. When evaluating factors for female infertility, a complete medical history, and physical examination are done. This helps in determining the right course of action to be taken. Initial infertility diagnosis involves gathering a thorough medical history and doing a physical examination. After that, infertility diagnostic tests will be performed. Common tests include those for hormone levels, blood, and urine. FAQ What is the diagnostic test for infertility? A mid-luteal phase progesterone assay, a semen analysis, and a test for tubal patency, such as a hysterosalpingogram, should be part of the first diagnostic procedures for infertility. Progesterone testing is the most reliable method for determining ovulation. How is infertility diagnosed in a woman? Progesterone levels can be determined with a blood test around day 23 of a woman's menstrual cycle. This test determines whether ovulation has taken place and whether the ovaries are generating this hormone at a typical level. The levels of other hormones that are crucial for fertility may also be measured. How does diagnosis determine the best treatment? Following your evaluation and diagnosis by the fertility specialist, the fertility doctor will go through all the infertility therapies that are available to you and work with you and the rest of the fertility team to create your unique treatment plan.

TUBAL LIGATION Tubal ligation or tubal sterilization is a surgical procedure to prevent pregnancy or permanent birth control. During the procedure, the fallopian tubes are cut, tied, or blocked to permanently prevent pregnancy. Tubal ligation is also called female sterilization. This procedure doesn't affect the menstrual cycle and can be done at any time, including after childbirth or in combination with another abdominal surgery, such as a C-section. Most tubal ligation procedures cannot be reversed and if reversal is attempted, it requires major surgery and is not always effective. FAQ Is tubal ligation high risk? Tubal ligation procedures are done through very low-risk surgeries and are very safe for most people and complications are rare. The doctor makes incisions in your belly to permanently close and cut the fallopian tubes. How long is recovery after tubal ligation? Tubal ligation recovery takes 1-3 weeks after the procedure and may take longer after a C-section or childbirth. You may experience pain in the incision area along with abdominal pain, dizziness, fatigue, shoulder pain, bloating, or gas. With time these side effects will go away. How permanent is tubal ligation? Tubal ligation is a safe and highly effective surgical procedure that permanently prevents pregnancy.

HYSTERECTOMY Hysterectomy is a surgical procedure that removes the uterus(womb) and cervix. The uterus or womb is where a foetus grows during pregnancy. The doctor can also remove the fallopian tubes and ovaries. You can’t become pregnant and no longer menstruate after this surgery. This surgery may be done for different reasons, including, Uterine fibroids that cause pain, abnormal bleeding, cancer, or other problems. Hysterectomies are performed mostly between the ages of 40 and 50. A hysterectomy is a major surgical procedure and can also be performed through an incision in the vagina or by a laparoscopic or robotic surgical approach which uses long, thin instruments passed through small abdominal incisions. FAQ What are the signs you need a hysterectomy? Some of the most common reasons your doctor might recommend a hysterectomy include Uterine fibroids, benign (non-cancerous) tumours in the uterus, and consistent, abnormally heavy periods. Is hysterectomy a major surgery? Hysterectomy is a major surgery with a long recovery, risks, and side effects. Depending on the type of surgery, you may experience symptoms of menopause and you may not be able to conceive after surgery. What changes can I expect after a hysterectomy? For most women, the biggest change is an improved quality of life. You should be free from symptoms that made the surgery necessary.

TUBALRECANALIZATION Tubal recanalization, or family planning reversal surgery, is a procedure that reconnects fallopian tubes that have been cut or clipped during family planning surgery so that a woman can try to conceive again. This procedure is done under general anaesthesia. Initially, the condition of the fallopian tubes is evaluated and the suitability for recanalization is decided. When the gynaecology surgeon finds that the tubes are suitable and can be reconnected a small incision is done for the laparoscope to pass. FAQ What is tubal recanalization? When there is one or more blocked fallopian tubes, the thin thread-like structures that carry egg towards the uterus, fertility is compromised. Opening the tubes through surgery is called tubal recanalization. Who requires recanalization? When people who had tubes tied during a family planning program want to have a child, tubal recanalization is required. How successful is tubal recanalization? Tubal recanalization is a highly effective procedure for treating proximal fallopian tube obstruction, with a success rate of up to 90%.

MYOMECTOMY Myomectomy surgery is used to remove uterine fibroids while preserving the uterus. Fibroids are non-cancerous growth of tissue that develops on the walls of the uterus. The doctor might recommend this surgery if your fibroids are causing symptoms like pelvic pain, heavy periods, irregular bleeding, and frequent urination. Women undergoing myomectomy report improvement in fibroid symptoms, including a decrease in heavy menstrual bleeding and pelvic pressure. Myomectomy is the best treatment for women with fibroids who wish to get pregnant in the future. FAQ Which doctor should I consult for a myomectomy? For women's health problems, you should first consult your gynaecologist. Depending on the symptoms, a specialist or surgeon should be consulted about treatment options. Can fibroids grow back after a myomectomy? Yes, fibroids can grow back after myomectomy and may require re-surgery. Is it safe to become pregnant following myomectomy surgery? Yes, myomectomy surgery preserves the uterus in women wishing to have children in the future.

OVARIAN CYSTECTOMY Ovarian cystectomy is a procedure to remove ovarian cysts through minimally invasive surgery. An ovarian cyst is a sac or pouch on one or both ovaries that contain fluid. This cyst is harmless, non-cancerous, and goes away on its own without treatment. Ovarian cysts are common, and doctors find them during pelvic exams or other imaging tests. If the cyst doesn’t go away, gets larger, or causes pain or suspicion of malignancy (cancer) the doctor may recommend surgery to remove the cyst. Surgeons use laparoscopic or open surgery to remove ovarian cysts. FAQ What is the need for an ovarian cystectomy? To confirm the diagnosis of an ovarian cyst, to remove a cyst that is causing symptoms, or rule out ovarian cancer and to preserve fertility and the ovary, ovarian cystectomy is performed when there are indicators or suspicion of malignancy (cancer). What does an ovarian cystectomy treat? Ovarian cystectomy is the surgical removal of an ovarian cyst and surgeons may use laparoscopic or open surgery to remove ovarian cysts. What are the advantages of an ovarian cystectomy? The main advantage of an ovarian cystectomy is the removal of potentially harmful or painful cysts from the ovaries. Ovarian cysts can be cancerous, especially if they develop after menopause.

FERTILITY ENHANCING SURGERIES Fertility-enhancing surgery can help improve or restore fertility in women with infertility complications. Many infertility complications such as fibroids, endometriosis, dermoid, adhesions, and PCOD disturb the normal function of the women’s reproductive system and affect the chances of getting pregnant naturally. With the help of these surgeries and procedures, female infertility problems can be treated. An experienced gynaecological surgeon selects the appropriate surgery based on the patient's problem and general health. to treat and cure such conditions. The significance of these fertility-enhancing surgeries has grown as more individuals nowadays struggle with infertility. FAQ What is Fertility Enhancing Surgeries? Fertility-enhancing surgeries treat problems like endometriosis, PCOD, blocked fallopian tubes, fibroids, etc, and help in enhancing fertility in women. What is the success rate of fertility treatments? Aside from age and health, the success rate also depends on the type of treatment. 85 to 90% of infertility cases are treatable. What percent after surgery improves fertility? 45 to 75% of women who have undergone the surgery can conceive after healing and many of these pregnancies are even achieved naturally without assisted reproductive technologies.

LAPAROSCOPIC & HYSTEROSCOPIC SURGERIES Two of the most popular minimally invasive gynaecological surgical techniques to detect infertility in women or treat conditions that lead to infertility and miscarriage are laparoscopy and hysteroscopy. Laparoscopy and hysteroscopy are recommended procedures during infertility treatment. These procedures allow doctors to view structures and organs within the pelvis and perform certain corrective actions. A laparoscopy is done to view and access the exterior of the uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, and other structures in the pelvis. A hysteroscopy is done to look at the internal cavity of the uterus to identify abnormalities and take certain corrective actions. These procedures are best done immediately after menstruation when vision is unobstructed. Specialized laparoscopic and hysteroscopic surgeons ensure that treatments and operations are carried out with the appropriate supervision, care, and hygiene. FAQ What are the benefits of laparoscopy? The recovery in the immediate postoperative period is faster. Patients often go home the same day. Smaller incisions tend to be less painful, and as a result, patients often need less postoperative pain medication and there are fewer wound infections. What is the recovery period? Most patients are discharged within hours after surgery. Some patients require pain and nausea medication. Most women resume normal eating and activity within 48 hours. What are the risks of surgery? Complications from these procedures are rarely serious. Infection is possible and you may need antibiotics before and after surgery. Injury to the bladder, intestine, uterus, or blood vessels is possible and Laparoscopy may be needed for injuries.

GENITAL CANCER SCREENING Vaginal cancer may be detected during a routine pelvic examination before signs or symptoms become apparent. Doctors may also do a Pap test to look for cervical cancer, but the Pap test may detect vaginal cancer cells. Once a doctor has made a diagnosis of vaginal cancer, steps are taken to determine how far cancer has spread. Your cancer stage helps your doctor decide which treatment is right for you. FAQ Is genital cancer curable? Vaginal cancer is treatable and the treatment you have will depend on the size and type of vaginal cancer you have. What is the most common genital cancer? The most common type is vaginal squamous cell carcinoma, which begins in the thin, squamous cells that line the surface of the vagina. What is the treatment for genital cancer? The usual treatment is radiation, which uses both brachytherapy and external beam radiation therapy. Radical surgery (radical vaginectomy or pelvic exenteration) is an option for some women with stage II squamous cell carcinoma of the vagina if it is small and in the upper part of the vagina.

OVARIAN CYST An ovarian cyst is a fluid-filled sac within the ovary. They are common and usually form during ovulation. Ovulation occurs when the ovaries release one egg each month. Many women with ovarian cysts have no symptoms. Cysts are usually harmless. Most ovarian cysts cause no symptoms and heal on their own, but large ovarian cysts can cause pelvic pain that comes and goes. Pain may be felt in the area below the navel on one side. FAQ What happens when a woman has an ovarian cyst? pelvic discomfort that occurs during movement or sexual activity. Nausea and vomiting are frequently accompanied by sudden, acute pelvic discomfort. What are the 3 types of ovarian cysts? Ovarian cysts can take many different forms, including dermoid cysts and endometrioma cysts. But functioning cysts are the most typical kind. Follicle and corpus luteum cysts are the two categories of functional cysts. Is ovarian cyst a serious problem? In most cases, there is little, or no discomfort and the cyst is harmless. Most cysts disappear within months without treatment. However, ovarian cysts can twist or rupture and can cause serious symptoms.

UROGYNAECOLOGY The area of gynaecology known as urology diagnosis, investigates and treats pelvic floor issues in female patients. A gynaecologist who specializes in urology is a urologist. Urinary and pelvic floor incontinence are two typical issues that call for a consultation with a urogynaecology’s. The signs include an overactive bladder that necessitates frequent bathroom trips, urine leaks during routine activities like coughing, sneezing, and exercise, pressure, pelvic discomfort, feeling full or heavy, and pricking or pulling in the vagina that gets worse by evening. Urinary tract infection known as UTI is one of the most common urinary problems and is an infection that occurs in the urinary tract. This infection is most caused by microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, and viruses. induced and affected the kidneys, ureters, urethra, or bladder. FAQ Why would your doctor send you to a urologist? Your healthcare physician could suggest a urologist if you require treatment for urine problems, pelvic discomfort, or sexual problems. The urologist can prescribe tests that will clearly define the diagnosis and indicate the best course of action. What can I expect during my first office visit? You will be required to fill out a questionnaire about your medical issues, including medical history, medicines, allergies, and social background, at your initial appointment visit. To allow for the analysis of a urine sample, you should arrive at the office with a full bladder.

AESTHETIC GYNAECOLOGY Aesthetic gynaecology is a fairly new branch of medicine that allows women to alter their intimate body parts, whether it is for sexual function or appearance. There are various aesthetic gynaecology procedures, which include labiaplasty, perineum and pelvic floor repair, vaginal rejuvenation, and vaginal tightening. There are new minimally invasive treatments available like Femi Lift that can be performed in an outpatient setting for various conditions such as stress urinary incontinence (SUI), vaginal tightening, post-menopause indications, post-delivery rehabilitation, vaginal dryness, recurring infections. FAQ Is the aesthetic treatment permanent? No, both Botox and dermal fillers last up to 6 months, so the treatment is not permanent. After that, the injection should be repeated. How long does aesthetic treatment last? The treatment works by injecting Botox into the skin. Botox then blocks nerve impulses to relax the muscles and reduce the appearance of wrinkles. Anti-wrinkle treatments last 4-6 months. What is the purpose of labiaplasty? The purpose of a labiaplasty is to remove excess tissue from the elongated labia minora (inner labia) to reduce physical and emotional discomfort.

MENOPAUSE SUPPORT Menopause occurs when a woman has not had a period for 12 consecutive months and is no longer able to conceive naturally. It usually begins between the ages of 45 and 55 but can occur before or after this age range. Menopause can cause unpleasant symptoms such as hot flashes and weight gain. Other common symptoms of menopause include insomnia, vaginal dryness, weight gain, depression, anxiety, headaches, etc. Most menopausal women do not need treatment. Each woman is affected by the menopausal transition differently. Women may put on weight more quickly due to changes in fat cells and how the body uses energy. You may experience changes in your bone or heart health, body shape, and composition, or physical activity. FAQ How to avoid menopause? You can't prevent menopause, but you can manage many common symptoms and prevent possible complications by making changes to lifestyle like, eating a healthy diet, exercising regularly, getting enough sleep, maintaining bone strength, and managing blood pressure. What comes after menopause? Post-menopause is defined as the absence of menstruation for at least one year after menopause. Can a woman get pregnant after menopause? When you reach post menopause, your hormone levels are no longer suitable for ovulation and natural pregnancy, and contraception is no longer necessary, but it is still possible to get pregnant through in vitro fertilization (IVF). IVF after menopause is successful in many cases.

POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN DISEASE Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a medical condition that affects a woman’s hormone levels. This hormone imbalance causes the body to skip menstrual periods and makes it harder for them to get pregnant. It causes irregular menstrual periods, excess hair growth, acne, and infertility and contributes to long-term health problems like diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart disease. Birth control pills and diabetes medications can help fix the hormone imbalance and improve symptoms. PCOS treatment depends on several factors like age, how severe the symptoms are, and your overall health. The treatment also depends on whether you want to become pregnant in the future. FAQ How is PCOS diagnosed? Your doctor will ask about your medical history and symptoms. You will also undergo a physical examination. This probably includes a pelvic exam. This test checks the health of your internal and external reproductive organs. What happens when you have polycystic ovaries? PCOS is a very common hormonal problem. Women with PCOS do not ovulate, have high androgen levels, and have many small cysts in their ovaries. PCOS can lead to missing or irregular menstruation, excessive hair growth, acne, infertility, and weight gain. Is PCOS a serious problem? PCOS is a serious condition and requires proper medical care or surgical treatment. Can I prevent PCOS or its effects? There is no proven way to prevent PCOS, but you can take small steps to reduce your symptoms like eating nutritious foods, exercising regularly, and managing your weight.

UTERINE PROLAPSE Uterine prolapse is a condition in which the muscles and tissues surrounding the uterus become weak. This causes the uterus to drop into the vagina. It can occur in any woman who gives birth but is most common after menopause and in women who’ve had more than one vaginal delivery. Prolapse occurs when your pelvic floor muscles are damaged or become weak to the point that they can no longer provide support and cause your pelvic organs to drop in or out of your vagina. Uterine prolapse can be mild or severe, depending on how weak the muscles supporting the uterus have become. FAQ What makes a prolapsed uterus worse? Repetitive hard lifting, chronic constipation, persistent coughing, and weak or poor tissue are also linked to prolapse. Prolapse symptoms can worsen at different times of the day. I have. Some women find that they feel more pressure after walking or standing for long periods. How serious is a prolapsed uterus? Although a prolapse is rarely life-threatening, it can nevertheless be painful and uncomfortable. Pelvic floor exercises and lifestyle changes can improve symptoms, but treatment may be needed. How common is uterine prolapse? Uterine prolapse is a common condition. The risk of developing this condition increases with age.

UTERINE FIBROID A uterine fibroid is a non-cancerous tumour that grows in and around the womb (uterus) also known as a myoma. The uterus's muscular tissue gives rise to uterine fibroids. They could also develop in the cervix, fallopian tubes, or tissues close to the uterus. They can vary in size, from being so tiny to the size of a melon. There might be one or more fibroids. Most fibroids do not need treatment. The symptoms of uterine fibroids include heavy or prolonged periods, bleeding between periods, backache, frequent urination, constipation, pain or pressure in the pelvic area, and period pain. These fibroids do not necessarily require treatment unless they cause troublesome symptoms or complications. The type of treatment depends on the symptoms and the location and size of the fibroids. FAQ What is the best treatment for fibroid? For women who have fibroid symptoms and want to have children in the future, myomectomy is the best treatment option to remove fibroids while preserving the uterus and is very effective. Are fibroids a serious problem? Uterine fibroids usually aren't dangerous, but they can cause discomfort and may lead to complications such as a drop in red blood cells (anaemia), which causes fatigue, from heavy blood loss. What size fibroids need surgery? Most experts believe that about 9-10 centimetres (about 4 inches) diameter is the largest size fibroid that should be removed laparoscopically.

PELVIC PAIN/PID Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of the organs of a woman’s reproductive organs including the uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, and cervix. It’s usually caused by a sexually transmitted infection (STI) like chlamydia or gonorrhoea. Its signs and symptoms are lower abdominal pain, painful sex, pain when urinating, irregular menstrual periods, and vaginal discharge. PID treatment includes antibiotics that help avoid complications such as infertility. Your partner should get tested and treated too. PID can cause serious problems and become extremely dangerous, even life-threatening if the infection spreads to your blood. FAQ How can I test myself for PID? Visiting a doctor is the only method to determine if you have PID. They will do tests and inquire about your symptoms, medical background, and sexual history. What is mistaken for PID? Misdiagnosis of PID include appendicitis, ectopic pregnancy, ovarian cysts, and other conditions. How does PID show in a blood test? Using FSH and LH hormone levels to diagnose PCOS This ratio typically ranges around 1:1, indicating that the blood levels of FSH and LH are comparable. In young, fertile women, FSH and LH frequently fall within the range of 4 to 8. The LH to FSH ratio is frequently greater in women with polycystic ovaries

MENSTRUAL DYSFUNCTION Menstrual dysfunction, which occurs one to two years after the first period begins and lasts for 21 to 35 days, is the absence of regular menstrual cycles. There are three types of menstrual dysfunction: primary amenorrhea, secondary amenorrhea, and oligomenorrhea. Not having a period by age 15 is known as primary amenorrhea. Menstrual cycle irregularities can have many different causes, including: • Pregnancy or breastfeeding typically delays the menstruation cycle. • Eating disorders, extreme weight loss, and excessive exercise can disrupt the menstruation cycle. • Women with Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) may have irregular periods as well as enlarged ovaries that contain small collections of fluid called follicles. • Women who have a premature ovarian failure or primary ovarian insufficiency might have irregular or occasional periods for years. • Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in reproductive organs can cause irregular menstrual bleeding. • Uterine fibroids are noncancerous growths of the uterus and can cause heavy menstrual periods and prolonged menstrual periods. FAQ What is the most common menstrual disorder? The most common menstrual disorders are: • Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) • Painful periods – Dysmenorrhea. • Abnormal uterine bleeding. • Absence of menstrual bleeding – Amenorrhea. • Light or irregular menstruation – Oligomenorrhea. • Heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding – Menorrhagia. • Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) What is the solution to menstrual disorders? Treatment for menstrual irregularities that are due to ovulatory bleeding includes, the insertion of a hormone-releasing intrauterine device and the use of various medications like those containing progestin or tranexamic acid, or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications. What is the effect of irregular menstruation? Irregular periods are usually not harmful. Long-term irregularity may raise the risk of conditions like iron deficiency anaemia as blood contains iron. Heavy or frequent periods can cause you to lose enough blood to cause iron deficiency.

GYNAECOLOGY SERVICES Gynaecology is the branch of medicine that deals with the treatment of women's diseases, especially those of the reproductive organs. Conditions commonly treated by gynaecologists include • Problems related to pregnancy, fertility, menstruation, menopause • STIs & STDs (Sexually transmitted infection & sexually transmitted disease) • PCOS (Polycystic ovary syndrome) • PID (Pelvic inflammatory disease) • UTIs (Urinary tract infections) • Endometriosis and other chronic conditions • Urinary and faecal incontinence • Pelvic floor dysfunction • Pregnancy termination or abortion (lawful) • Benign and malignant tumours in the female reproductive organs • Premalignant conditions like endometrial hyperplasia, and cervical dysplasia • Congenital abnormalities (in the female reproductive tract) FAQ What is a gynaecology exam? Physical examination of the vulva, vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and rectum. The vulva is checked for redness, swelling, sores, or other abnormalities. A speculum is then inserted into the vagina to dilate it so that the vagina and cervix can be examined for signs of disease. What exactly does a gynaecologist do? A gynaecologist is a doctor who specializes in treating conditions that affect the female reproductive system, including the vulva, vagina, uterus (uterus), and ovaries. What questions do gynaecologists ask you? Gynaecologists may ask questions like: • Do you have menstrual irregularities? • How severe are your period cramps? • Do you have any uncomfortable itching? • Are you having sex? • If you are having sex, do you use condoms? • Do you use other contraceptive methods?

OBSTETRICS SERVICES Obstetric services are routine services focused on caring for pregnant women and their unborn babies, assisting women through labour and delivery, and providing immediate care for mothers after childbirth. Obstetricians are medical professionals who specialize in obstetrics. An obstetrician looks after the health of both the mother and the unborn child throughout pregnancy by keeping an eye out for issues like ectopic pregnancies or congenital disorders like Down syndrome. FAQ What is included in obstetrics? Obstetrics is a large and diversified field of medicine that deals with a variety of issues, such as surgery, management of maternity care, gynaecological care, oncology, and women's primary healthcare. What are obstetric procedures? Obstetric procedures include vaginal birth with vacuum help, paracervical and pudendal blocks, and healing of perineal injuries caused by childbirth. Prenatal examination of foetus weight, gestational age, and delivery date are also included. How does obstetrics care support a healthy pregnancy? An obstetrician will be an irreplaceable help during pregnancy. Obstetricians are responsible for everything related to pregnancy, from regular check-ups to preparation for childbirth and aftercare.  

CONTACEPTIVE ADVICE Contraception, also called birth control, is the use of drugs, devices, or surgery to prevent pregnancy. There are different types, some are reversible, and some are permanent. Choosing a contraceptive method is a complex decision. Healthcare providers play an important role in providing information about contraceptive methods through contraceptive counselling and in supporting patient decision-making. FAQ How do the different birth control options work? Different birth control methods function in various ways. Birth control methods change the uterine lining to prevent a fertilized egg from adhering to it, inactivate or harm sperm, prevent an egg from being released each month, and thicken cervical mucus to hinder sperm movement. Are birth control methods reversible? Which contraceptive method you choose depends on your reproductive goals. If you're planning a pregnancy shortly, you may want an easy way to stop or quickly reverse it, such as short-acting hormonal or barrier methods. If you want long-term contraception, you can consider a long-acting method, such as an IUD. What is the best method of birth control? No birth control technique works best for all women. The best form of birth control for you and your partner may depend on a variety of factors and may vary over time.

SAFE AND LEGAL ABORTION SERVICES Abortion is a medical procedure where a pregnancy is ended and doesn't result in the birth of a child also called 'termination of pregnancy'. An abortion can happen naturally, in that case, it is sometimes referred to as a miscarriage, or it can be intentionally done, in that case, it is referred to as an induced abortion. When an abortion is performed by a trained healthcare provider under hygienic conditions, it is one of the safest medical procedures. Legal abortion is performed by a trained doctor and carries a lower risk of death, while unsafe abortions can be fatal and are the leading cause of maternal death. FAQ Will abortion affect my ability to get pregnant in the future? If the treatment is not complicated, there should be no problems with future pregnancies. There is no proven association between abortion and future infertility, ectopic pregnancy, or other complications of pregnancy. Your medical professional will explain all known risks and complications associated with your treatment choice. How does abortion work? Abortion is of two types, and both are safe and effective: • Medication abortion: pills are taken to end a pregnancy. • Surgical abortion: A person has a surgical procedure in a clinic or hospital to end a pregnancy. How will I feel after my abortion? Every woman is unique. After your abortion, you'll probably have some bleeding and cramping, so the doctor will advise you to rest.

HIGH RISK PREGNANCY A high-risk pregnancy is a pregnancy that involves increased health or life risks for the pregnant woman, fetus, or both. These pregnancies need to be monitored closely to reduce the chance of complications. Women with high-risk pregnancies may need special care before, during, and after childbirth. This can reduce the chance of complications. Certain health conditions and maternal age may increase the risk of pregnancy. A high-risk pregnancy may be the result of a medical condition that existed before pregnancy, such as diabetes or high blood pressure, or it may be due to a medical condition that develops in you or your baby during pregnancy, making the pregnancy a risk. FAQs What is high risk pregnancy? Not all pregnancies are the same. Some women may be labelled as high-risk pregnancy due to the certain conditions which may put both mother and her baby to face a higher-than-normal chance of complication during or after birth. These women need extra and special attention by the health care provider. This does not mean you shouldn’t get pregnant or enjoy your pregnancy. Who comes under high-risk pregnancy? Following cases come under high-risk pregnancy: • Anyone who is less than 17 or above 35 year or having high blood pressure, diabetes, thyroid problem, kidney disease, heart disease, lungs disorder or sexually transmitted disease or chronic infection comes under high risk. • Medical condition that occurs during pregnancy such as preeclampsia, Gestational diabetes, multi fatal pregnancy, ectopic pregnancy, previous c-section etc is also a possible cause of high-risk pregnancy. • Other condition such as premature delivery or multiple births. How can I best take care of myself during pregnancy? Taking care of yourself and getting early and regular prenatal care from your healthcare provider can reduce your risk of pregnancy. What are the worrisome signs that need to report during a high-risk pregnancy? Consult your physician if you experience vaginal bleeding, unusual vaginal discharge, constant headache, pain or cramping in the lower abdomen, decreased activity in children, fever, dizziness, vomiting, pain when urinating, or swelling of the face, hands, or fingers

C-SECTION Caesarean delivery — also known as a C-section or caesarean section — is the surgical delivery of a baby. It involves one incision in the mother’s abdomen and another in the uterus. Caesarean deliveries are generally avoided before 39 weeks of pregnancy, so the child has proper time to develop in the womb. Sometimes, however, complications arise, and a caesarean delivery must be performed prior to 39 weeks. Why is a caesarean delivery done? A caesarean delivery is typically performed when complications from pregnancy make traditional vaginal birth difficult or put the mother or child at risk. Sometimes caesarean deliveries are planned early in the pregnancy, but they’re most often performed when complications arise during labor. Reasons for a caesarean delivery include: • baby’s head is too big for the birth canal • the baby is breech, transverse lie • early pregnancy complications • mother’s health problems, such as high blood pressure or unstable heart disease • mother has active genital herpes that could be transmitted to the baby • previous cesarean delivery • problems with the placenta, such as placental abruption or placenta previa • problems with the umbilical cord • reduced oxygen supply to the baby • stalled labor The risks of a cesarean delivery A cesarean delivery is becoming a more common delivery type worldwide, but it’s still a major surgery that carries risks for both mother and child. Natural childbirth remains the preferred method for the lowest risk of complications. The risks of a cesarean delivery include: • bleeding • breathing problems for the child, especially if done before 39 weeks of pregnancy • increased risks for future pregnancies • infection • longer recovery time compared with vaginal birth • surgical injury to other organs • adhesions, hernia, and other complications of abdominal surgery FAQs What is c- section and when it is needed? C-section or caesarean birth is the surgical delivery of the baby through a cut made in the mother’s abdomen and uterus. It may be advised when a health care providers believes that it is safer for the mother or the baby or both as compared to the normal delivery. Like CPD, fatal distress, mal presentation, mal position, twin delivery, placenta previa etc. How Long Does a Caesarean Surgery Take? Delivering a baby by caesarean section takes about 15-20 minutes, with an additional 45 minutes to sew the incisions in the uterus and abdomen. What are the benefits of a C-section? The main advantage of a C-section is that both you and your baby will be safer. Most medical professionals will opt for a C-section to reduce risks when a vaginal birth is dangerous or might harm your baby. How many days rest after a C-section? The average hospital stay after a C-section is 2 to 4 days, and recovery often takes longer than a vaginal birth. To recover from a C-section, walking is essential. Pain medication may also be given as the healing process progresses.

NORMAL/PAINLESS DELIVERY Normal delivery is the delivery of a baby from the uterus (womb), out through the vagina. Occasionally forceps or a vacuum device are required to assist, and this is known as instrumental delivery. The entire process of labor and vaginal birth takes an average of 13 hours in women giving birth for the first time, and 8 hours in women who have given birth before. However, the exact duration varies a great deal from one woman to another. 18 hours of first stage is considered ‘prolonged’, and 1.5-2 hours of second stage is considered ‘prolonged’. There are three stages of labor: • The first stage of labor is from the onset of labor until the cervix is fully dilated • The second stage of labor occurs from when the cervix is fully dilated till the delivery of the baby. • The third stage is from the delivery of the baby till delivery of the placenta and membranes. Benefits of a vaginal delivery For a normal low-risk pregnancy, vaginal birth is a safe option for women and their baby. Advantages of vaginal delivery compared with caesarean section include: • Babies have a lower incidence of respiratory problems, as it is thought that the contractions that occur during labor help prepare the baby’s lungs for breathing. • There is less risk of blood loss and infections to the mother. • Vaginal delivery is a natural process, and one which women’s body are designed for.; and • Despite the process of labor and birth itself being painful, women who give birth vaginally usually recover more quickly • Although there are many advantages of a vaginal delivery, in some instances, the risk of vaginal delivery for the mother or baby is too great to allow for vaginal delivery.in these cases we offer caesarean section for the safe delivery of the baby. Risks associated with a vaginal delivery The risks of vaginal birth include: • If the baby is in a breech position vaginal delivery may be very risky as it may lead to entrapment of the after coming head of the baby. • If there is severe tearing of the perineum during delivery, there can be significant damage to the pelvic floor. In some women, there may be long term consequences, including bladder or bowel incontinence, painful intercourse, or vaginal prolapse (when the walls of the vagina weaken, and the bladder or bowel bulges out into the vagina If the labor is too prolonged, particularly pushing in the second stage for more than two hours, the blood supply to the nerves that supply the pelvic floor muscles is decreased, reducing the function of these nerves. Rarely, there is long term loss of function of the muscles supplied by these nerves, which may cause incontinence. FAQs What is Painless Delivery? Painless delivery refers to the use of an epidural anaesthesia injection which is given by a specially trained anaesthetist doctor for pain relief during labour. How Epidural Injection is given? Epidural Injection is injected into the lower back, and a plastic tube is placed in, through which drugs are released around the spinal cord. Is it safe to take Epidural anaesthesia for painless delivery? Epidural anaesthesia is safe for the mother and baby, and it also provides relief from exhaustion and helps women to relax and make their birthing experience easy and comfortable. How do I prepare my body for normal delivery? Regular walking, exercise, squats and breathing exercises will help you prepare for labour. Can I have painless normal delivery? Yes, it is possible with the help of regional anaesthesia that provides adequate pain relief during natural labour.  

POST NATAL CARE The postnatal period is a critical phase in the lives of mothers and newborn babies. Most maternal and infant deaths occur during this time. Yet, this is the most neglected period for the provision of quality care. Postpartum period is the first six weeks after childbirth. In real context, postpartum period can stretch up to 4-6 months with the mother herself coping and adapting physically and emotionally after childbirth. Postpartum (or Postnatal) period begins immediately after the birth of a child during which mother’s body, including hormone levels and uterus size, returns to a non-pregnant state. The terms puerperium or puerperal period, or immediate postpartum period are commonly used to refer to the first 6 weeks following childbirth. Postpartum care can be categorized into different categories such as external, internal, and mental care. For a new mother, she must make sure she takes good care of herself in these three aspects during the postpartum period. External care refers to the physical body such as dealing with the change in body shape, coping with breastfeeding problems like engorgement or sore nipples, caesarean incision or even hair loss issues. Internal care refers to things like physical fatigue, body aches, afterbirth cramps, perineal pain, or constipation problems. Mental care refers to emotions such as anxiety, impatient, confidence level or low self-esteem due to hormonal changes that trigger us to be more sensitive during postpartum period. Top Benefits of Proper Postpartum Care: • Your body will be able to recover faster to pre-pregnancy state • You will enjoy motherhood • You will feel less tired or fatigued • You will be able to get back to pre-pregnancy body faster • Your baby will be a happier baby. Remember your baby connects to you and he knows if you are stress or unhappy and this affects him • You will have better milk supply • You will gain self-confidence • You will have greater energy level FAQs What is post-natal care? Yes, it’s very important…it’s the care that is provided to woman and the new-born for the few months following childbirth. Why is postnatal care important? Postnatal care is very important for proper recovery from labour and delivery. Women who are giving birth should eat a balanced diet just as they would during pregnancy. Iron and folic acid supplementation should also be continued during the first three months. So, plan your first post-natal check-up between 6 to 8 weeks after delivery. What is the most important part of postnatal care? The most important part of postnatal care is basic care for all new-borns. This includes encouraging and supporting early exclusive breastfeeding when possible, keeping the baby warm, washing hands more frequently, and practicing good umbilical cord and skin hygiene. Who takes care during postnatal care? Midwives, other skilled health care providers, or well-trained and supervised health care workers.  

ANTENATAL CARE Antenatal care is the care you get from health professionals during your pregnancy also known as pregnancy care or maternity care. Antenatal appointments will allow your midwife and healthcare team to help both you and your baby stay healthy. You should start your antenatal care as soon as possible once you know you're pregnant. Its purpose is to provide optimal condition for the mother and her growing baby to achieve the best possible pregnancy outcome. Even if your pregnancy is going well and you’re feeling well, it’s important for you to attend your appointments so that any potential risks can be identified at the earliest and prevented or reduced. it is also the first and main opportunity to discuss all your queries concerning the pregnancy, like what’s happening during each trimester, physical changes in the body, birth plans etc. Usually, an uncomplicated pregnancy needs 8 to 10 visits with your doctor, but number of visits may vary if there is some complication in the pregnancy. Care during ante-natal visits- The antenatal care you get throughout your pregnancy depends on: • your stage of pregnancy • your pre- existing health condition • any present problems you may be experiencing There will be a number of checks, scans, tests and discussions, such as: • when the baby is due, what trimester you are in and what this means for you and your baby • finding out about your medical history, general health and how any previous pregnancies were • discussing any medication you are taking • ensuring you’ve had a recent pap test • making sure your mental health is OK, and supporting you if you have depression or anxiety • checking your blood pressure and weight and testing your urine • organizing blood tests and screening • providing advice on healthy eating and lifestyle changes • feeling and measuring your tummy, and listening to the baby’s heartbeat • checking about any physical symptoms that may be bothering you • running through your birth plan with you. A good ante-natal care has the best post-natal outcome. Some common types of antenatal care are antenatal clinic care, midwifery care, shared antenatal care, midwifery group practice (caseload midwifery), team midwifery care, and private care. FAQ What are antenatal risk factors? Smoking, drinking alcohol, and using illegal drugs can put your pregnancy at risk. Maternal health problems, high blood pressure, obesity, diabetes, epilepsy, thyroid disease, heart or blood disorders, poorly controlled asthma, and infections can also increase pregnancy risks. What is the period of antenatal? The period from conception till delivery is referred to as the antenatal period. How many visits in antenatal care? A minimum of eight contacts are recommended to reduce perinatal mortality and improve women's experience of care. Counselling about healthy eating and keeping physically active during pregnancy. What is antenatal care? Antenatal care is the care you get from your obstetrician during your pregnancy. It is also known as pregnancy care or maternity care. What is antenatal care, and how soon first antenatal visit be? And why it’s important? Care a woman receives during her pregnancy journey right from day 1, like advice on supplements, foods, exercise, tests etc. Plan your visit with the doctor as soon you know that you are pregnant. It is very important because it will help in finding out early health issues with mother and the developing baby, hence the problem can be tackled begore it becomes a big problem for both mother and baby.

PRECONCEPTION CARE Maximizing the gains for mother and child health Preconception care is the care that you receive before you get pregnant. It is the provision of biomedical, behavioral, and social health interventions to women and couples before conception occurs. It involves finding and taking care of any problem that might affect you and your baby later like Diabetes mellitus or high blood pressure etc. Its main aim is to improve pregnancy outcome and women's health in general through prevention of diseases and management of risk factors. Also, its goal is to improve maternal and child health, in both short and long term. Opportunities to prevent and control diseases occur at multiple stages of life, and preconception care is one such effort. Even if preconception care aims primarily at improving maternal and child health, it brings health benefits to the adolescents, women, and men, irrespective of their plans to become parents. You will be prescribed Folic acid and multivitamins along with any other medicine as per the individual need. Why invest in preconception care? Preconception care has a positive effect on a range of health outcomes. Among others, preconception care can: • reduce maternal and child mortality • prevent unintended pregnancies • prevent complications during pregnancy and delivery • prevent stillbirths, preterm birth, and low birth weight • prevent birth defects • prevent neonatal infections • prevent underweight and stunting • prevent vertical transmission of HIV/STIs • lower the risk of some forms of childhood cancers • lower the risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease later in life.  

Healthy and safe pregnancies start with prenatal care. Prenatal care is when you get check-ups from a doctor, nurse, or midwife in your pregnancy to keep you and your baby healthy and continue for the next nine months or until birth. They will give you a visit schedule to follow based on your age, any medical conditions you may have, and whether you are at high risk for complications. It is important because it helps in reducing complications during pregnancy and delivery. There are numerous benefits of prenatal care for both mother and baby. Women who attend regular prenatal care appointments have babies at a healthier birth weight. This also reduces the chance the baby dies in the womb. FAQ What is prenatal care? It’s a care given to any woman planning to conceive in near future. What can I expect at my prenatal visit? I will take your proper history, give folic acid supplement and advice few important bloods test to know your current health status, to help you to deliver a healthy baby. Why is Prenatal Care Important? The success of pregnancy is significantly influenced by receiving quality prenatal care. The optimal time to begin prenatal treatment is as soon as possible. The risk of pregnancy and delivery issues is decreased by receiving regular prenatal care throughout your pregnancy. Why do I need prenatal care? Prenatal care promotes your and your unborn child's health. Low birth weight is more frequent in babies of moms who do not receive prenatal treatment. Doctors can detect health problems early during mothers' regular visits, and this allows many problems to be treated early. What happens during prenatal care? The doctor, nurse, or midwife will check your blood pressure, weight, and height, and calculate your due date based on your last menstrual cycle and an ultrasound scan. They will ask about your health, including previous conditions, surgeries, pregnancies, and genetic history.